1 Russell Thornton, American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History since 1492 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987); Henry Dobyns, Their Numbers Became Thinned: Native American Population Dynamics in Eastern North America (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1983).
2 Clyde Tucker, Brian Kojetin and Roderick Harrison, “A Statistical Analysis of the CPS Supplement on Race and Ethnic Origin” Bureau of Labor Statistics, Bureau of the Census. Retrieved 10/10/2011. http://www.census.gov/prod/2/gen/96arc/ivatuck.pdf.
3 Jason A. Eshleman, Ripan S. Malhi, and David Glenn Smith. “Mitochondrial DNA Studies of Native Americans: Conceptions and Misconceptions of the Population Prehistory of the Americas” Evolutionary Anthropology 12 (2003), 7-18.
4 Bruce Smith, “Eastern North America as an independent center of plant domestication” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.103, no. 33 (August 15, 2006). http://www.pnas.org/content/103/33/12223.full Accessed October 12, 2011.
5 John K. Fairbank, China: A New History (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992), 128.
6 Fairbank, China: A New History, 128.
7 Ray Huang, China: A Macro History (London: ME Sharpe, 1988), 155; Gavin Menzies, 1421: The Year China
Discovered America (New York: Harper Perennial, 2002), 56-59.
8 Fairbank, China: A New History, 138/
9 Menzies, 1421, 50-52.
10 Andro Anatole, The 1421 Heresy: An Investigation into the Ming Chinese Maritime Survey of the World (Bloomington, Indiana: Author House, 2006), 24.
11 Menzies, 1421, 65; Fairbank, China: A New History, 137.
12 Anatole, The 1421 Heresy, 67-69.
13 Anatole, The 1421 Heresy, 67-68; Louise Levathes, When China Ruled the Seas: The Treasure Fleet of the Dragon Throne, 1405-1433 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), 51.
14 Louise Levathes, When China Ruled the Seas, 47.
15 Fairbank, China: A New History, 140.
16 Menzies, 1421, 67.
17 Huang, China: A Macro History, 157-165; Fairbank, China: A New History, 140-142.
18 L. Carrington Goodrich, A Short History of the Chinese People (Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 1943), 195.
19 William J. Duiker and Jackson J. Spielvogel, World History, 5th ed. (United States: Thompson Wadsworth, 2007), 254.
20 Levathes, When China Ruled the Seas, 49-53.
21 Goldwin Smith, A History of England, fourth edition (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1974) , 51; John P. McKay, Bennett D. Hill, and John Buckler, A History of Western Society, vol. 1, 4th ed. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1991), 324.
22 Smith, The History of England, 78-79; McKay, et al., A History of Western Society, 323-324.
23 W. Scott Haine, The History of France (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2000), 44-45; McKay, et al., A History of Western Society, 368, 383.
24 McKay, et al., A History of Western Society, 412-413.
25 Hugh Chisholm, ed., The Encyclopedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature and General Information, Eleventh Edition, Volume 4 (Cambridge: The University Press, 1910), 921-922.
26 McKay, et al., A History of Western Society, 424-428.
27 Smith, The History of England, 214-216, 220; McKay, et al., A History of Western Society, 440-441.
28 Smith, The History of England, 221, 224-228.
29 Smith, The History of England, 220-222; McKay, et al., A History of Western Society, 442-443.
30 McKay, et al., A History of Western Society, 443-444.
31 McKay, et al., A History of Western Society, 468-470; Adolph Caso, “GIOVANNI DA VERRAZZANO (1485-1527): Born in Florence; Died in Spain,” They Too Made America Great (January 1978): 34-36; History Reference Center, EBSCOhost (accessed November 11, 2012); Daniel E. Harmon, “The Voyages of Jacques Cartier,” Early French Explorers of North America (January 2003): 14; History Reference Center, EBSCOhost (accessed November 11, 2012).
32 McKay, et al., A History of Western Society, 470-472.
33 Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, excerpt in McKay, Hill, Buckler, et. al., A History of World Societies, 9th ed., vol. 1, (Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2012), 287.
34 John Iliffe, Africans: the History of a Continent (Cambridge: Cambridge Uni. Press, 1995), 51.
35 al-Bakri, Book of Highways and Kingdoms quoted in McKay, History of World Societies, 279.
36 Iliffe, History of a Continent, 53.
37 Iliffe, History of a Continent, 90.
38 al-Omari quoted in Kevin Shillington, History of Africa (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1995), 98-99.
39 Ibn Battutu, Travels in Asia and Africa, in Medieval Sourcebook, ed. Paul Halsall, November 12, 2012, http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/1354-ibnbattuta.asp.
40 ibid.
41 Leo Africanus quoted in Shillington, History of Africa, 105-106.
42 Ibn Battuta, Travels.
43 David Eltis, “A Brief Overview of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade,” Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database, March 4, 2012, http://www.slavevoyages.org/tast/assessment/essays-intro-01.faces.
44 Chasteen, 75.
45 Phillip II of Spain, Two Letters on the Gold of the Indies, 1559, at Then Again, http://www.thenagain.info/Classes/Sources/PhilipII.html.46 Philip II, Two Letters.
47 Letter of Lope Aguirre to Philip II of Spain, 1561, in Modern History Sourcebooks.
48 Cortés quoted in McKay, Hill, Buckler, A History of World Societies, v. 1, 9th edition (New York: Bedford, St. Martins, 466.
49 Columbus, Journal, October, 1492 in The History Guide, http://www.historyguide.org/earlymod/columbus.html.
It should be remembered that each type of original document contains the bias of the writer. Europeans came to the New World convinced of their own innate superiority and intelligence. Thus they were preconditioned to see the people they encountered as subordinate and subservient. Moreover, they approached Indian lives with the idea that life in Europe was “civilized” and the way in which the natives of the New World lived was something less. It was not uncommon for Europeans to see the Indians as open, affable and innocent.
50 Columbus, Journal, October, 1492.
51 Columbus, Journal, October 1492.
52 Cabeza de Vaca, Adventures in the Unknown Interior of America, in Modern History Sourcebooks, ed. Paul Halsall, www.fordham.edu/halsall.
53 Bartolomé de las Casas quoted Latin American Civilization, ed. Benjamin Keen, Boulder, Colorado, Westview
Press, 2000), 67.
54 Cortés, quoted in Mark A Burkholder and Lyman L. Johnson. Colonial Latin America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998, 4.
55 Cortés, Second Letter to Charles V, in Modern History Sourcebooks, ed. Paul Halsall.
56 Cortés, Second Letter to Charles V.
57 An Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexico in Modern History Sourcebooks.
58 John Charles Chasteen, Born in Blood and Fire (NY: WW Norton, 2001), 50.
59 Quoted in Burkholder, 44.
60 Bernal Diaz, True History of the Conquest of Spain, ed. RB Cunninghame-Graham. Internet Archive, http://www.archive.org/stream/bernaldiaz.txt), 22.
61 Camilla Townsend, “Burying the White Gods: New Perspectives on the Conquest of Mexico,” American Historical Review, vol. 108 (June 2003), 659-687.
62 Cortés, Letter to Charles V.
63 Leon Portilla, Broken Spears: The Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexico, http://ambergriscaye.com/pages/mayan/aztec.html.
64 Qtd. in Burkhart, 49.
65 Aztec Account.
66 Cieza de Léon, Pedro. Chronicles of the Incas, 1540, Modern History Sourcebooks, ed. Paul Halsall.
67 Burkholder, 66; Chasteen, 42.
68 Chasteen, 48.
69 Chasteen, 51.
70 Chasteen, 66-70.
71 Keen, 67.
72 Anchieta in Latin American Civilization, 164.
73 Qtd. in Laurence Whitehead. Latin America: A New Interpretation. New York: Palgrave-McMillan, 2006, 58.
74 Whitehead, 58-60.
75 Daniel J. Boorstin, The Americans: The Colonial Experience. New York: Random House, 1958, 105.
76 Charter to Sir Walter Raleigh: 1584. Yale University Avalon Project: http://avalon.law.yale.edu/16th_century/raleigh.asp.
77 Richard Hakluyt, Divers Voyages Touching on the Discovery of America and the Islands Adjacent,”1582, Google Books, http://books.google.com/books?id=imcMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false, 14.
78J.P. Kenyon, The Stuarts, a Study in English Kingship( New York: Bow Historical Books, 1977), 57.
79 Kenyon, Stuarts, 57.
80 Kenyon, Stuarts, 70-71.
81 First Virginia Charter, Modern History Sourcebooks, http://www.fordham.edu/halsall.
82 See for example, Christopher Hill, God’s Englishman (New York: Dial Press, 1970); Lacey Baldwin Smith, This Realm of England (New York: Cengage Learning, 2000).
83 Smith, This Realm, 115.
84 Dennis Montgomery.Such a dish as powdered wife I never heard of CW Journal. The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, Winter 2007. http://www.history.org/foundation/journal/winter07/jamestownSide.cfm.
85 Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation. Religion at Jamestown http://www.historyisfun.org/pdf/Background-Essays/ReligionatJamestown.pdf.
86 The Project Gutenberg. Colonial Records of Virginia http://www.gutenberg.org/files/22594/22594-h/22594-h.htm#Footnote_111_125.
87 Matt Gottlieb. House of Burgesses.Encyclopedia Virginia, Virginia Foundation for the Humanities. http://encyclopediavirginia.org/House_of_Burgesses#start_entry.
88 Library of Virginia. Headrights, VA-NOTES. http://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/guides/va4_headrights.htm.
89 PBS. Oregon Public Broadcasting. Indentured Servants in the USHistory Dectives 0 PBS.org. http://www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/feature/indentured-servants-in-the-us/.
90 The Chandler Family Association. John Chandler. http://chandlerfamilyassociation.org/dna_group_7a.html.
91National Park Service. Bacon’s Rebellion.Historic Jamestowne, http://www.nps.gov/jame/historyculture/bacons-rebellion.htm.
92 Warren M. Billings, Sir William BerkeleyJamestown Interpretive Essays, Virtual Jamestown http://www.virtualjamestown.org/essays/billings_essay.html.
93 Kevin Butterfield, Puritans in Virginia Encyclopedia of Virginia. Virginia Foundation for the Humanities http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Puritans_in_Colonial_Virginia#start_entry .
94 Nathan Philbrick, Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community and War ( New York: Viking, 2006), 4.
95 Oscar Barck and Hugh Talmage Lefler. Colonial America (New York: Macmillan Company, 1958), 73.
96 Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation, Modern History Sourcebooks, http://fordham.edu/halsall, 33
97 William Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation, 28.
98 See the “Charter of Maryland: 1632,” Avalon Project, Yale Law School, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/ma01.asp and “The First Charter of Virginia: 1060, ibid.
99 See John Smith, Description of New England, 1616. At University of Nebraska, Lincoln. Digital Commons: Electronic Texts in American Studies. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&context=etas.
100 Samuel Eliot Morison, Henry Steele Commager and William E. Lauchenberg, A Concise History of the American Republic, vol. 1 to 1877 (New York: Oxford University Press,1977), 25
101 Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation, 35.
102 Edward Winslow, Good News From New England (London: William Bladen and John Bellamie, 1624), http://www.mayflowerhistory.com/PrimarySources/GoodNews.pdf.
103 Philbrick, Mayflower, 119.
104 Barck and Lefler, Colonial America, 77.
105 Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation, 33-34.
106 Edward Winslow, Mourt’s Relation, Pilgrim Hall Museum, http://www.pilgrimhall.org/1stthnks.htm.
107 “A Modell of Christian Charity,” delivered aboard the Arbella,” University of Virginia, Religious Freedom Library, http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/sacred/charity.html.
108 Bremer, Puritan Experiment, 93-96; Oscar Theodore Barck, Jr. and Hugh Talmage Lefler, Colonial America (New York: MacMillan, 1958), 93-95.
109 Edmund Morgan, The Puritan Family ( New York: Harper and Row, 1966), 2.
110 Morison, Concise History, 37.
111 Old Deluder Satan Law, http://americareclaimed.org/elements/docs/documents.
112 Quoted in Morison, Puritan Family, 92.
113 Increase Mather and John Cotton, quoted, ibid., 71.
114 Quoted in John C. Miller, This New Man, The American: the Beginnings of the American People, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964, 143.
115 Beckenstein, Myron. “Maine’s Lost Colony,” 2. Smithsonian Magazine, February 2004. http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/Maines_Lost_Colony.html.
116 Joann Pope Melish, Disowning Slavery: Gradual Emancipation of Race in New England, Ithaca, New York: Cornell Univ. Press, 1998), 19-20.
117 The Massachusetts Body of Liberties, 1641, #91, Hanover Historical Texts Project, http://history.hanover.edu/texts/masslib.html.
118 Winthrop quoted, C.S. Manegold, Ten Hills Farm: The Forgotten History of Slavery, Princeton, N.J. Princeton University Press, 2012), 116.
119 Ibid., 118.
120 Joan Pope Melish, Disowning Slavery, 16.
121 “Slaves in New England,” Medford Historical Society, Medford, Massachusetts, http://www.medfordhistorical.org/newenglandslavery.php .
122 Slaves in New England, Medford Historical Society.
123 The Confederation preamble quoted in Barck and Lefler, Colonial America, 113.
124 Ibid., 113-114.
125 Alan Taylor, American Colonies ( New York: Viking, 2001), 192.
126 Ibid., 194.
127 Christopher Columbus, Journal, History Sourcebooks, ed. Paul Halsall, http://www.Fordham.edu/halsall.
128 Hernan Cortes to Charles V, Modern History Sourcebooks, ed. Halsall, http://www.Fordham.edu/halsall.
129 Samuel Eliot Morison, Builders of the Bay Colony (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1981), 294
130 Ibid., and Curtis Nettels, The Roots of American Civilization: A History of American Colonial Life, 2nd edition. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1963, 212-213.
212.
131 Morison, Builders, 294.
132General Court records quoted in Morison, Builders, 290-91.
133 Quoted in Morison, Builders, 296.
134 Quoted in Taylor, American Colonies, 276.
135 Cotton Mather, Memorable Providences Relating to Witchcrafts and Possessions. 1689. http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/salem/asa_math.htm, 22.
136Carol F. Karlsen, The Devil in the Shape of a Woman, New York: W.W. Norton, 1988/1998, 267-271.
137 Robert Calef More Wonders of the Invisible World. Documentary Archive and Transcription Project. http://etext.virginia.edu/salem/witchcraft/speccol/calef/calef.html.
138James Truslow Adams, The Founding of New England ( New York: Dodo Press, 2009), 143.
139 Ronald Hutton, Charles II: The Masquerading Monarch, BBC History, April 14, 2012, http://www.bbc.co.uk/history, 1.
140 Hutton, Charles II, 5.
141 Hutton, Charles II, 6.
142 John Miller, The Glorious Revolution, 2nd edition (Harlow, England: Pearson Education Limited, 1997), 8.
143 “Appeal from the Country to the City,” 1689, in Miller, Glorious Revolution, 11.
144 Quoted in Miller 11.
145 Hutton, Charles II, 11.
146 Hutton, Charles IIh, 12.
147 Excerpt of Locke, Two Treatises on Government, in Miller, Glorious Revolution, 108.
148 Quoted in Miller, , 34.
149 Quoted in Miller, , 34.
150 Michael Trinkley, SCIWAY, South Carolina’s Information Highway, http://www.sciway.net/afam/slavery/population.html
151 Alan Taylor, American Colonies: The Settling of North America (New York: Penguin Books, 2001), 248-250; Oliver Perry Chitwood, A History of Colonial America, third edition (New York: Harper & Row, 1961), 159; Oscar Theodore Barck and Hugh Talmage Lefler, Colonial America, second edition (New York: Macmillan, 1968), 164-165.
152 Barck and Lefler, Colonial America, 166-167; Taylor, American Colonies, 252, 255; Chitwood, A History of Colonial America, 161.
153 Taylor, American Colonies, 253; Chitwood, A History of Colonial America, 163.
154 Barck and Lefler, Colonial America, 166, 171-172; Chitwood, A History of Colonial America, 161, 163-
164; Taylor, American Colonies, 253.
155 Taylor, American Colonies, 254-255.
156 Taylor, American Colonies, 255-256; Chitwood, A History of Colonial America, 168.
157 Taylor, American Colonies, 257-259; Chitwood, A History of Colonial America, 171-172, 175.
158 Chitwood, A History of Colonial America, 171-175; Taylor, American Colonies, 259-261.
159 Barck and Lefler, Colonial America, 178-179, 212; Chitwood, A History of Colonial America, 175-176, 225.
160 Barck and Lefler, Colonial America, 213-215; Taylor, American Colonies, 281-281, 284-285; Chitwood, A History of Colonial America, 243-245.
161 Taylor, American Colonies, 261.
162 Taylor, American Colonies, 261-262; Barck and Lefler, Colonial America, 179-180: “Covenant Chain,” The Encyclopedia of New York State (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2005), August 16, 2012, http://www.syracuseuniversitypress.syr.edu/encyclopedia/entries/convenant-chain.html.
163 Barck and Lefler, Colonial America, 183-187; Chitwood, A History of Colonial America, 176-181; Taylor, American Colonies, 262-263.
164 Barck and Lefler, Colonial America, 181-182; Chitwood, A History of Colonial America, 201-202; Taylor, American Colonies, 264-265.
165 Barck and Lefler, Colonial America, 183; Taylor, American Colonies, 265-266.
166 Barck and Lefler, Colonial America, 187-188; Chitwood, A History of Colonial America, 204; Taylor, American Colonies, 264; Charter for the Province of Pennsylvania–1681, The Avalon Project, Yale Law School, April 12, 2012, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa01.asp.
167 Taylor, American Colonies, 266.
168 Taylor, American Colonies, 266-267; Barck and Lefler, Colonial America, 191-192.
169 Frame of Government of Pennsylvania–May 5, 1682, The Avalon Project, Yale Law School, April 12, 2012, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa04.asp.
170 Frame of Government of Pennsylvania–February 2, 1683, The Avalon Project, Yale Law School, April 12, 2012, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa05.asp.
171 Chitwood, A History of Colonial America, 212-213; Frame of Government of Pennsylvania–1696, The Avalon Project, Yale Law School, April 12, 2012, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa06.asp; Charter of Privileges Granted by William Penn, esq. to the Inhabitants of Pennsylvania and Territories–October 28, 1701, The Avalon Project, Yale Law School, April 12, 2012, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/pa07.asp.
172 William Penn to the Indians, 18 August, 1681 in Colonial Prose and Poetry, eds. William P. Trent and Benjamin W. Wells (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell & Co., 1901), Bartleby.com, April 1, 2102 www.bartleby.com/163/.
173 Taylor, American Colonies, 268-269; Chitwood, A History of Colonial America, 207-208.
174 Barck and Lefler, Colonial America, 1945-195; Chitwood, A History of Colonial America, 213-214; Taylor, American Colonies, 270.
175 Jack P. Greene, Pursuits of Happiness: The Social Development of Early Modern British Colonies and the Formation of American Culture (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988), 50.
176 Taylor, American Colonies, 268, 271; Greene, Pursuits of Happiness, 48; Jim Potter, “Demographic Development and Family Structure,” in Colonial British America: Essays in the New History of the Modern Era, eds. Jack P. Greene and J.R. Pole (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984), 143-144; John M. Murrin, “Beneficiaries of Catastrophe: The English Colonies in North America,” in The New American History, revised and expanded edition, ed. Eric Foner (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1997), 16.
177 Greene, Pursuits of Happiness, 125, 132; Richard B. Sheridan, “The Domestic Economy,” in Colonial British America, 60; Barck and Lefler, Colonial America. 252-254; Chitwood, A History of Colonial America, 210-211.
178 Sheridan, “The Domestic Economy,” 59-60; Greene, Pursuits of Happiness, 49-50, 126, 129-131.
179 Greene, Pursuits of Happiness, 128-129.
180 Richard S. Dunn, “The Recruitment and Employment of Labor,” in Colonial British America, 181-182;
Barck and Lefler, Colonial America, 310-311; Taylor, American Colonies, 298-299.
181 Dunn, “The Recruitment and Employment of Labor,” 180; Greene, Pursuits of Happiness, 131-133; Taylor, American Colonies, 333.
182 Chitwood, A History of Colonial America, 341-342; Dunn, “The Recruitment and Employment of Labor,” 169-170.
183 Barck and Lefler, Colonial America, 313-316; Dunn, “The Recruitment and Employment of Labor,” 171-172; Taylor, American Colonies, 319-320.
184 Shave White, “Slavery in the North,” OAH Magazine of History 17 (April 2003): 18; Taylor. American Colonies, 333; Greene, Pursuits of Happiness, 133.
185 White, “Slavery in the North,” 18; Taylor, American Colonies, 333-334.
186 Howard Zinn, A People’s History of the United States (New York: HarperCollins, 2012), 35-37.
187 White, “Slavery in the North,” 20-21.
188 Greene, Pursuits of Happiness, 136-138; James T. Lemon, The Best Poor Man’s Country: Early Southeastern Pennsylvania (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1972).
189 Alan Gallay, The Indian Slave Trade: The Rise of the English Empire in the American South, 1670-1717 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002), 40-69; John H. Hann, A History of the Timucua Indians and Missions (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1996).
190 Gallay, Indian Slave Trade, 127-154.
191 Christopher C. Meyers and David Williams, Georgia: A Brief History (Macon, Georgia: Mercer University Press, 2012) 14-15.
192 Meyers and Williams, Georgia, 22-23.
193 Meyers and Williams, Georgia, 26-29.
194 Meyers and Williams, Georgia, 23.
195 Meyers and Williams, Georgia, 23-25.
196 Alan Taylor, American Colonies: The Settling of North America (New York: Penguin Books, 2001), 298.
197 Oscar Theodore Barck and Hugh Talmage Lefler, Colonial America, second edition (New York: Macmillan, 1968), 134-135; Oliver Perry Chitwood, A History of Colonial America, third edition (New York: Harper & Row, 1961), 414-415.
198 Barck and Lefler, Colonial America, 139-141; Taylor, American Colonies, 299.
199 Chitwood, A History of Colonial America, 356, 371.
200 Chitwood, A History of Colonial America, 363, 377-380; Barck and Lefler, Colonial America, 139-141; Taylor, American Colonies, 194; T.H. Breen, “An Empire of Goods: The Anglicization of Colonial America, 1690-1776,” The Journal of British Studies 25, no. 4 (1986): 474.
201 Barck and Lefler, Colonial America, 141-145; Chitwood, A History of Colonial America, 417-419.
202 Barck and Lefler, Colonial America, 217, 229.
203 Barck and Lefler, Colonial America, 145, 230-235; Chitwood, A History of Colonial America, 421-424.
204 Larry Sawers, “The Navigation Acts Revisited,” The Economic History Review 45, no. 2 (May 1992): 271, 273, 278; see also, John W. Tyler, Smugglers and Patriots: Boston Merchants and the Advent of the American Revolution (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1986).
205 Barck and Lefler, Colonial America, 245;
206 Breen, “An Empire of Goods,” 470, 474, 476; Taylor, American Colonies, 310-311.
207 Taylor, American Colonies, 304, 307, 310-311.
208 Breen, “An Empire of Goods,” 479-481, 495-496; Taylor, American Colonies, 312-313.
209 Breen, “An Empire of Goods,” 496-497.
210 Barck and Lefler, Colonial America, 238; Chitwood, A History of Colonial America, 406-407.
211 Chitwood, A History of Colonial America, 407-408.
212 Chitwood, A History of Colonial America, 408-409.
213 Barck and Lefler, Colonial America, 236-237; Chitwood, A History of Colonial America, 410-411.
214 Barck and Lefler, Colonial America, 238.
215 Barck and Lefler, Colonial America, 238; 246-248.
216 Barck and Lefler, Colonial America, 238-240.
217 Barck and Lefler, Colonial America, 241-242, 247.
218 Barck and Lefler, Colonial America, 244-245; Gordon S. Wood, The Radicalism of the American Revolution (New York: Vintage Books, 1991), 77-80; Jack P. Greene, Pursuits of Happiness: The Social Development of Early Modern British Colonies and the Formation of American Culture (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988), 199.
219 Barck and Lefler, Colonial America, 243-244; Taylor, American Colonies, 286-288.
220 Taylor, American Colonies, 287-288.
221 Thomas Paine, Common Sense, US History.org, October 15, 2012, http://www.ushistory.org/paine/commonsense/singlehtml.htm.
222 Henry J. Sage. The Enlightenment, Academic American History, October 15, 2012, http://www.academicamerican.com/colonial/topics/enlighten.htm; Dr. Richard Beeman, Benjamin Franklin and the American Enlightenment. October 15, 2012,
http://www.benfranklin300.org/_etc_pdf/Enlightenment_Richard_Beeman.pdf.
223 Taylor, American Colonies, 347.
224 Christine Leigh Heyrman, “The First Great Awakening,” Divining America, TeacherServe, National Humanities Center, October 10, 2012, http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/eighteen/ekeyinfo/grawaken.htm.
225 Taylor, American Colonies, 346.
226 The Society for Propagating the Gospel among the Indians and Others of North America (University Press: 1887), 6.
227 Taylor, American Colonies, 149.
228 James Douglas Rice, “Bacon’s Rebellion (1676-1677),” Encyclopedia Virginia, ed. Brendan Wolfe, Virginia Foundation for the Humanities, September 26, 2012, http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Bacon_s_Rebellion_1676-1677.
229 Rice, “Bacon’s Rebellion (1677-1677).”
230 Taylor, American Colonies, 147-148; Spotswood quoted in Rice, “Bacon’s Rebellion (1676-1677).”
231 Taylor, American Colonies, 149-151; Rice, “Bacon’s Rebellion (1676-1677).”
232 Taylor, American Colonies, 288-290.
233 Taylor, American Colonies, 292-293.
234 John Demos, “The Deerfield Massacre,” American Heritage 44, no. 1 (February/March 1993), September 23, 2012, http://www.americanheritage.com/content/deerfield-massacre?page=show.
235 Demos, “The Deerfield Massacre.”
236 Taylor, American Colonies, 293.
237 Taylor, American Colonies, 422; Julie Ann Sweet, “War of Jenkin’s Ear,” New Georgia Encyclopedia, Georgia Humanities Council, September 23, 2012, http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-807.
238 Taylor, American Colonies, 423-424.
239 Fred Anderson, Crucible of War: The Seven Years’ War and the Fate of the Empire in British North America, 1754-1766 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf), 745-747.
240 Robert C. Alberts, A Charming Field for an Encounter: The Story of George Washington’s Fort Necessity (Washington: Office of Publications, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1975), 20.
241 Russell F. Weigley, The American Way of War: A History of United States Military Strategy and Policy (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1973) 3-18.
242 Lord Loudon quoted in Curtis P. Nettels. The Roots of American Civilization: A History of American Colonial Life. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1963, 595.
243 Nettels, Roots of American Civilization, 596.
244 Royal Proclamation of 1763, U.S. History.org: www.ushistory.org.
245 Theodore Draper. A Struggle for Power: The American Revolution. New York: Random House, 1996, 196-99.
246 Royal Proclamation of 1763, U.S. History.org.
247 James Otis quoted in Lawrence Henry Gipson, The Coming of the Revolution. NY: Harper Torchbooks, 1853, 68.
248 The Currency Act, US History.org.
249 Thomas Fitch, “Reasons Why the British Colonies in America Should Not Be Charged with Internal Taxes," in Bernard Bailyn, ed., Pamphlets of the American Revolution. Harvard University Press, 1965, 393.
250 The Rights of British Colonists, USHistory.org.
251 Stephen Hopkins quoted in Theodore Draper, A Struggle for Power: The American Revolution. New York: Random House, 1996, 229.
252 Patrick Henry, March 23,1775, Colonial Williamsburg, http://www.history.org/almanack/life/politics/giveme.cfm.
253 Thomas Hutchinson quoted in Draper, Struggle for Power, 245.
254 Quoted in Draper, Struggle for Power, 249.
255 Resolutions of the Stamp Act Congress, 1765, UShistory.org.
256 Pitt quoted in Draper, Struggle for Power, 279.
257 An Act Repealing the Stamp Act, The Avalon Project: Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy, Avalon Project, avalon.law.yale.edu.
258 The Declaratory Act, Avalon Project, avalon.law.yale.edu.
259 Dickinson quoted in Draper, Struggle for Power, 306.
260 Franklin quoted in Draper, Struggle for Power 35.
261 Association of the Sons of Liberty in New York, December 15,1773, Avalon Project.
262 Boston Tea Party Official Site: http://www.boston-tea-party.org/in-depth.html.
263 John Adams quoted in Page Smith, A New Age Now Begins, vol. I, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1976, 381-82.
264 See David Ammerman, In the Common Cause: American Response to the Coercive Acts of 1774, Charlottesville: University of Viriginia Press, 1974.
265 Declaration and Resolves, Avalon Project, Avalon.law.yale.edu.
266 Declaration and Resolves, Avalon Project,Avalon.law.yale.edu.
267 Declaration and Resolves, U.S. History.org .
268 Declaration and Resolves, U.S. History.org.
269 The Events Leading to Independence: U.S. History.org .
270 The American Revolution.org/documents.
271 Ralph Waldo Emerson, “Concord Hymn,” Poetry Foundation, http://www.poetryfoundation.org/poem/175140.
272 Lieutenant Colonel Smith to Gage, April 20, 1775, at U.S. History.org.
273 Smith Letter, U.S. History.org.
274 Benjamin Franklin to William Stratham, July 5, 1775.
275 Quoted in Gary B. Nash, The Unknown American Revolution: The Unruly Birth of Democracy and the Struggle to Create America. New York: Viking, 159.
276 Thomas Paine, Introduction to Common Sense, 1776, American History Sourcebook., ed. Paul Halsall, Fordham.edu/halsall.
278 Patrick Henry quoted in Morison, Commager and Leuchtenburg, A Concise History of the American Republic, vol. 1 to 1877. New York: Oxford University Press,1977), 78.
279 Quoted in Robert Middlekauff, The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, New York: Oxford University Press, 1984, 378-379.
280 Proclamation of King George III For suppressing Rebellion and Sedition, Massachusetts Historical Society, The Coming of the American Revolution, http://www.masshist.org/revolution/congress2.php.
281 “Lord Dunmore’s Proclamation, November 7, 1775,” Portland State College of Urban and Public Affairs, http://www.upa.pdx.edu/IMS/currentprojects/TAHv3/Content/PDFs/Dunmore_Proclamation_1775.pdf.
282 “Rules and Arguments for the Better Government of the Troops, Massachusetts Historical Society,” The Coming of the American Revolution, http://www.masshist.org/revolution/congress2.php.
283 “In Defense of American Liberty,” Massachusetts Historical Society, The Coming of the American Revolution, http://www.masshist.org/revolution/congress2.php, 2.
284 “Whereas the Petitions of these United Colonies to the King, for the Redress of great and manifest Grievances,” Massachusetts Historical Society, The Coming of the American Revolution, http://www.masshist.org/revolution/congress2.php.
285 The Causes and Necessities of Taking Up Arms, in History Sourcebooks, ed. Paul Halsall, www.fordham.edu.
286 Causes and Necessities.
287 Paine quoted in Robert Middlekauff, Glorious Cause, 318-19.
288 Middlekauff, Glorious Cause, 328.
289 Robert Middlekauff, The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763-1789 (New York: Oxford University Press), 544-545; Mary Beth Norton, Liberty’s Daughters: The Revolutionary Experience of American Women, 1750-1800 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996), 195.
290 Middlekauff, The Glorious Cause, 552-553, 614-616; Ben Baack, “The Economics of the American Revolutionary War,” EH.Net Encyclopedia, ed. Robert Whaples, October 1, 2012, http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/baack.war.revolutionary.us; Louis Jordan, “Colonial Fiscal Documents,” Colonial Currency, University of Notre Dame, Department of Special Collections, October 1, 2012, http://www.coins.nd.edu/ColCurrency/CurrencyText/FiscalDocsUS.html.
291 Harry M. Ward, The War for Independence and the Transformation of American Society (London: UCL Press, 1999), 149-157.
292 Ward, The War for Independence and the Transformation of American Society, 35; Middlekauff, The Glorious Cause, 564-565.
293 Ward, The War for Independence and the Transformation of American Society, 37-38; William H. Nelson, The American Tory (Boston: Beacon Press, 1964), 7, 105.
294 Ward, The War for Independence and the Transformation of American Society, 40-44.
295 Ward, The War for Independence and the Transformation of American Society, 38.
296 Middlekauff, The Glorious Cause, 566-567.
297 Ward, The War for Independence and the Transformation of American Society, 45, 48.
298 Norton, Liberty’s Daughters, 212-213.
299 Sarah Hodgkins quoted in Middlekauff, The Glorious Cause, 546.
300 Grace Growden Galloway quoted in Norton, Liberty’s Daughters, 217-218.
301 Lois Crary Peters quoted in Middlekauff, The Glorious Cause, 549.
302 Middlekauff, The Glorious Cause, 547-548.
303 Ward, The War for Independence and the Transformation of American Society, 148; Norton, Liberty’s Daughters, 179-181.
304 Norton, Liberty’s Daughters, 217-221.
305 Ward, The War for Independence and the Transformation of American Society, 164-166, 169.
306 “Revolution, 1750-1805 (Narrative),” Africans in America, PBS, October 3, 2012, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part2/narrative.html; Gary B. Nash, The Unknown American Revolution: The Unruly Birth of American Democracy and the Struggle to Create America (New York: Viking, 2005), 33.
307 “Revolution, 1750-1805 (Narrative),” Africans in America; Felix’s Petition, 6 January 1773, Africans in America, PBS, October 3, 2012, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part2/2h22t.html; Nash, The Unknown American Revolution, 126-127. Historians are not entirely sure “Felix” wrote the petition since literacy rates were low among the enslaved population; some speculate that Boston slave and poet Phillis Wheatley drafted the statement. See, Nash, The Unknown American Revolution, 127.
308 Nash, The Unknown American Revolution, 41-42; 62-63; Arthur Lee quoted in Nash, The Unknown American Revolution, 115.
309 Ward, The War for Independence and the Transformation of American Society, 180-182; Nash, The Unknown American Revolution, 230-231; “Revolution, 1750-1805 (Narrative),” Africans in America.
310 Ward, The War for Independence and the Transformation of American Society, 178-180; Nash, The Unknown American Revolution, 223-229; Middlekauf, The Glorious Cause, 570-571.
311 Middlekauf, The Glorious Cause, 571-572; Ward, The War for Independence and the Transformation of American Society, 186-187.
312 Vine Deloria, Jr., and Raymond J. DeMaille, Documents of American Indian Diplomacy: Treaties, Agreements, and Conventions, 1775-1979 (Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1999), 38.
313 John M. Murrin, “A Roof without Walls: The Dilemma of American National Identity,” in Beyond Confederation: Origins of the Constitution and American National Identity, eds. Richard Beeman, Stephen Botein, and Edward C. Carter. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1987), Part III, City College of New York, May 31, 2012, http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/history/dfg/amrv/murrin.htm.
314 Gary B. Nash, The Unknown American Revolution: The Unruly Birth of Democracy and the Struggle to Create America (New York: Viking, 2005), 264; Marc W. Thurman, Between Authority and Liberty: State Constitution Making in Revolutionary America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997), 1; Gordon S. Wood, The Creation of the American Republic, 1776-1787 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1969), 127, 129.
315 John Adams, Thoughts on Government (1776), The Founders’ Constitution, Volume 1, Chapter 4, Document 5, The University of Chicago Press, May 12, 2012, http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/v1ch4s5.html.
316 Wood, The Creation of the American Republic, 130.
317 John Adams, Diary of John Adams, November 4, 1775, Adams Papers Digital Editions, Massachusetts Historical Society, May 11, 2012, http://www.masshist.org/publications/apde/portia.php?id=DJA03d320; Nash, The American Unknown Revolution, 265-266.
318 Continental Congress, Resolution and Preface of May 10-15, 1776, How to Stage a Revolution, MIT Open Courseware, May 11, 2012, http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/history/21h-001-how-to-stage-a-revolution-fall-2007/readings/cc_resolution.pdf.
319 Nash, The Unknown American Revolution, 266-267.
320 Nash, The Unknown American Revolution, 268; Wood, The Creation of the American Republic, 133; Kruman, Between Liberty and Authority, 5-6, 20-21.
321 James Madison, “Federalist No. 39,” in The Founders’ Constitution, Volume 1, Chapter 4, Document 24, The University of Chicago Press, May 12, 2012, http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/v1ch4s24.html; Francis D. Cogliano, Revolutionary America, 1763-1815: A Political History, Second Edition (New York: Routledge, 2009), 138.
322 The Virginia Declaration of Rights, Virginia Memory, Library of Virginia, May 12, 2012, http://www.virginiamemory.com/docs/VADeclaration.pdf; Kruman, Between Authority and Liberty, 37.
323 An Act for Establishing Religious Freedom, Virginia Memory, Library of Virginia, May 12, 2012, http://www.virginiamemory.com/docs/ReligiousFree.pdf; Constitution of Georgia, 1777, The Avalon Project, Yale Law School, September 21, 2012, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/ga02.asp; Constitution of South Carolina, 1778, The Avalon Project, Yale Law School, September 21, 2012, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/sc02.asp.
324 Wood, The Creation of the American Republic, 197-200.
325 Wood, The Creation of the American Republic, 201-206.
326 Wood, Creation of the American Republic, 134-137; Thomas Jefferson, Draft Constitution for Virginia [1776], The Avalon Project, Yale Law School, May 12, 2012, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/jeffcons.asp.
327 Wood, The Creation of the American Republic, 150-158; Instructions of the Inhabitants of the Town of Boston to Their Representatives in Congress (1776), The Founders’ Constitution, Volume 1, Chapter 10, Document 8, The University of Chicago Press, May 12, 2012, http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/v1ch10s8.html; Nash, The Unknown American Revolution, 274, 282-283.
328 Wood, The Creation of the American Republic, 162-164.
329 Wood, The Creation of the American Republic, 178-180; Adams, Thoughts on Government.
330 Wood, The Creation of the American Republic, 165-167; Kruman, Between Authority and Liberty, 81-86.
331 Wood, The Creation of the American Republic, 170-172, 180-181; Nash, The Unknown American Revolution, 275, 287-288; Kruman, Between Authority and Liberty, 66-67.
332 Cogliano, Revolutionary America, 138-140; Nash, The Unknown American Revolution, 270.
333 Nash, The Unknown American Revolution, 268-271.
334 Nash, The Unknown American Revolution, 273-276.
335 Wood, The Creation of the American Republic, 229; Benjamin Rush quoted in Nash, The Unknown American Revolution, 277; William Hooper quoted in Nash, The Unknown American Revolution, 279.
336 Nash, The Unknown American Revolution, 279-280; “Pennsylvania’s Constitution: A Brief History,” Pennsylvania Bar Association, Constitutional Review Commission, May 14, 2012, http://www.pabarcrc.org/history.asp.
337 Nash, The Unknown American Revolution, 290-292; Kruman, Between Authority and Liberty, 30.
338 Kruman, Between Authority and Liberty, 31-32; Nash, The Unknown American Revolution, 293-294.
339 Nash, The Unknown American Revolution, 296-297.
340 Cogliano, Revolutionary America, 143; Nash, The Unknown American Revolution, 300.
341 Cogliano, Revolutionary America, 143-144; Nash, The Unknown American Revolution, 301-304.
342 Kruman, Between Authority and Liberty, 103-104.
343 “The Essex Result,” The Founders’ Constitution, Volume 1, Chapter 13, Document 12, The University of Chicago Press, May 15, 2012, http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/v1ch13s12.html; Kruman, Between Authority and Liberty, 104.
344 Kruman, Between Authority and Liberty, 104-105; Nash, The Unknown American Revolution, 289.
345 Judith Apter Klinghoffer and Lois Elkis, “‘The Petticoat Electors’: Women's Suffrage in New Jersey, 1776-1807,” Journal of the Early Republic 12, no. 2 (1992): 165-168; Constitution of New Jersey [1776], The Avalon Project, Yale Law School, May 15, 2012, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/nj15.asp.
346 Letters from Abigail Adams to John Adams, 31 March - 5 April 1776 [electronic edition], Adams Family Papers: An Electronic Archive, Massachusetts Historical Society, September 21, 2012, http://www.masshist.org/digitaladams/; Letter from John Adams to Abigail Adams, 14 April 1776 [electronic edition], Adams Family Papers: An Electronic Archive, Massachusetts Historical Society, September 21, 2012, http://www.masshist.org/digitaladams/.
347 Mary Beth Norton, Liberty’s Daughters: The Revolutionary Experience of American Women, 1750-1800 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996), 189-190.
348 Norton, Liberty’s Daughters, 191; Klinghoffer and Lois Elkis, “‘The Petticoat Electors,’” 162-163; Kruman, Between Authority and Liberty, 103; Nash, The Unknown Revolution, 288; Linda K. Kerber, Women of the Republic: Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America (Chapel Hill: UNC Press, 1980), 287.
349 Committee Report, Nature of the [Articles of Confederation] Government, June 12, 1786, Documents of the Continental Congress and Constitutional Convention, Broadside Collection, Library of Congress, May 30, 2012, http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/continental/index.html.
350 Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, Documents of the Continental Congress, Broadside Collection, Library of Congress.
351 John Quincy Adams, Harvard Commencement Address 1787, quoted in George Brown Tindall and David Emory Shi, America: A Narrative History (New York: W.W. Norton Company, 2010), 270.
352 Robert Middlekauff, The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763-1789 (New York: Oxford University Press), 607-609.
353 Middlekauff, The Glorious Cause, 605-606, 615-617.
354 “An ordinance for ascertaining the mode of disposing of lands in the Western Territory,” Documents of the Continental Congress, Broadside Collection, Library of Congress; Middlekauff, The Glorious Cause, 611.
355 Northwest Ordinance (1787), The National Archives and Records Administration, January 30, 2012, http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=8; Middlekauff, The Glorious Cause, 611.
356 Middlekauff, The Glorious Cause, 620-621.
357 Alexander Hamilton, “Federalist No. 6: Concerning Dangers from Dissensions Between the States,” Avalon Project. Yale University: http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/fed06.asp.
358 The Account of William Jonas of Worcester County, Massachusetts, September 5, 1786, Constitutional Rights Foundation, May 30, 2012, http://crf-usa.org/bill-of-rights-in-action/bria-4-1-b-shays-rebellion-a-massachusetts-farmers-account.html.
359 Joseph J. Eilis, American Creation: Triumphs and Tragedies at the Founding of the Republic (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2007), 96.
360 Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, 30 January 1787, Archiving Early America, May 30, 2012, http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/summer/letter.html.
361 Jefferson quoted in Joseph J. Ellis, American Sphinx: the Character of Thomas Jefferson (New York: Vintage Books, 1996), 116.
362 Quoted in Shi and Tindal, America, 283.
363 Quoted, Ibid., 283.
364 Ellis, American Creation, 102-103.
365 Ellis, American Creation, 104; James Madison, Vices of the Political System of the United States, Document Library, Teaching American History.org, www. teachingamericanhistory.org.
366 Edmund Randolph to David Shepard, 25 July 1787, Document Library, Teaching American History, May 30, 2012, http://www.TeachingAmericanHistory.org/library/index.asp?documentprint=1800.
367 Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 3 July 1787, Document Library, Teaching American History, May 30 2012, http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?documentprint=1851.
368 Oliver Ellsworth quoted in “Themes of the Constitutional Convention: The Connecticut Compromise.” Teaching American History, May 30, 2012, http://teachingamericanhistory.org/convention/themes/5.html.
369 Benjamin Rush to John Adams quoted in David McCullough, John Adams (New York: Simon and Schuster Paperbacks), 378.
370 The New Jersey Plan, The Avalon Project, Yale Law School, May 30, 2012, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/debates_615.asp.
371 “July 16, 1787: A Great Compromise.” U.S. Senate: Art and History, http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/A_Great_Compromise.htm.
372 Madison Debates, June 15-16, 1787: The Great Compromise, The Avalon Project, Yale Law School, May 30, 2012, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/debates_615.asp.
373 Madison, “Federalist Paper No. 39,” Library of Congress. http://thomas.loc.gov/home/histdox/fed.
374 McCulloch v. Maryland, Legal Information Institute, Cornell School of Law, May 30, 2012, http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0017_0316_ZO.html.
375 Middlekauff, The Glorious Cause, 656-657.
376 Middlekauff, The Glorious Cause, 657.
377 See, for example, George Clinton, “Extent of Consolidated Territory Too Large to Preserve Liberty,”
Antifederalist Paper, No. 14, Antifederalist Papers, ThisNation.com: http://www.thisnation.com/library/antifederalist/14.html.
378 John Jay, “Federalist No. 2 , Concerning Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence,” Federalist Papers, http://thomas.loc.gov/home/histdox/fed_02.html.
379 Alexander Hamilton, “Federalist No. 6: Concerning Dangers from Dissensions between the States,” Federalist Papers, The Library of Congress: http://thomas.loc.gov/home/histdox/fed_06.html.
380 Alexander Hamilton, “Federalist No. 9: The Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection,” Federalist Papers, The Library of Congress: http://thomas.loc.gov/home/histdox/fed_09.html.
381 Alexander Hamilton, Federalist No. 6,” The Founders' Constitution, Volume 1, Chapter 7, Document 10, The University of Chicago Press, May 30, 2012, http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/v1ch7s10.html.
382 James McGregor Burns and Susan Dunn, George Washington (New York: Times Books, 2004), 48.
383 Burns and Dunn, George Washington, 48; Gordon S. Wood, Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789-1815 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), 51-58.
384 John Adams to Jabez Brown, 26 June 1789 in Presidents from Washington through Monroe, 1789-1825: Debating the Issues in Pro and Con Primary Documents, ed. Amy H. Sturgis (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2002), 22.
385 Wood, Empire of Liberty, 83-85.
386 Wood, Empire of Liberty, 53-54, 84-85; Burns and Dunn, George Washington, 56-57.
387 Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick, The Age of Federalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 59-60.
388 Elkins and McKitrick, The Age of Federalism, 61-62; Wood, Empire of Liberty, 67-69.
389 Burns and Dunn, George Washington, 44, 52, 58.
390 Woods, Empire of Liberty, 78.
391 Burns and Dunn, George Washington, 53-55.
392 George Washington to John Armstrong, 25 April 1788, The Papers of George Washington, University of Virginia, April 19, 2012, http://gwpapers.virginia.edu/documents/constitution/1788/armstrong.html.
393 George Washington to James McHenry, 13 July 1796, The Writings of George Washington, Volume XI, ed. Jared Sparks (New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1848), 147-148.
394 Wood, Empire of Liberty, 86-89.
395 Wood, Empire of Liberty, 95-97; Elkins and McKitrick, The Age of Federalism, 116-117.
396 Elkins and McKitrick, The Age of Federalism, 116; Wood, Empire of Liberty, 103-104; Burns and Dunn, George Washington, 79.
397 Wood, Empire of Liberty, 141; Joseph J. Ellis, Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation (New York: Vintage Books, 2002), 56-57.
398 Wood, Empire of Liberty, 141, 148-149; Ellis, Founding Brothers, 58.
399 Wood, Empire of Liberty, 142; Ellis, Founding Brothers, 48-49.
400 Ellis, Founding Brothers, 50-52, 78-80.
401 Wood, Empire of Liberty, 149.
402 Darren Staloff, Hamilton, Adams, Jefferson: The Politics of Enlightenment and the American Founding (New York: Hill and Wang, 2005), 79-80.
403 Wood, Empire of Liberty, 98-99, 144-145; Staloff, Hamilton, Adams, Jefferson, 97-98.
404 Elkins and McKitrick, The Age of Federalism, 229-230; James Madison, “Speech on the Bank Bill.” 2 February 1791 in Liberty and Order: The First American Party Struggle ed. Lance Banning (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2004), The Online Library of Liberty, April 19, 2012, http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/875/63865.
405 Fisher Ames, Annals of Congress, I Cong., 3 Sess. quoted in Elkins and McKitrick, The Age of Federalism, 230-231.
406 Wood, Empire of Liberty, 144-145; Burns and Dunn, George Washington, 81-82.
407 Wood, Empire of Liberty, 101-102.
408 Burns and Dunn, George Washington, 83-84.
409 Elkins and McKitrick, The Age of Federalism, 276-277.
410 Burns and Dunn, George Washington, 98.
411 Wood, Empire of Liberty, 88-89, 198-199.
412 Northwest Ordinance (1787), The National Archives and Records Administration, January 30, 2012, http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=8.
413 Johnson v. M’Intosh, 21 U.S. 543 (1823).
414 Wood, Empire of Liberty, 112-113.
415 Elkins and McKitrick, The Age of Federalism, 392, 397.
416 Wood, Empire of Liberty, 197-198.
417 Burns and Dunn, George Washington, 104; Wood, Empire of Liberty, 131.
418 Wood, Empire of Liberty, 150-151.
419 Wood, Empire of Liberty, 162-163.
420 Wood, Empire of Liberty, 104; Burns and Dunn, George Washington, 90.
421 Wood, Empire of Liberty, 161; Burns and Dunn, George Washington, 90; Outline of U.S. History (Washington: U.S. Department of State, 2005, 2010), 79, January 11, 2012, http://www.america.gov/publications/books/history-outline.html.
422 Wood, Empire of Liberty, 164-173, 251-252.
423 John Marshall, The Life of George Washington, Volume 5 (Philadelphia: C.P. Wayne, 1807) quoted in Elkins and McKitrick, The Age of Federalism, 310.
424 Wood, Empire of Liberty, 177-178.
425 Burns and Dunn, George Washington, 105.
426 Wood, Empire of Liberty, 182-183.
427 George Washington, “A Proclamation,” April 22, 1793, The Avalon Project, Yale Law School, January 9, 2012, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/neutra93.asp.
428 Wood, Empire of Liberty, 183.
429 Wood, Empire of Liberty, 184-185.
430 Elkins and McKitrick, The Age of Federalism, 340-341.
431 Wood, Empire of Liberty, 186-187; Elkins and McKitrick, The Age of Federalism, 350.
432 Elkins and McKitrick, The Age of Federalism, 351-352.
433 Wood, Empire of Liberty, 187-188.
434 Wood, Empire of Liberty, 134-135.
435 Wood, Empire of Liberty, 136.
436 Elkins and McKitrick, The Age of Federalism, 462.
437 Elkins and McKitrick, The Age of Federalism, 463; Wood, Empire of Liberty, 137.
438 George Washington, Writings, Volume 32, ed. John Clement Fitzpatrick (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1931-1944), George Washington Resources, University of Virginia, April 19, 2012, http://etext.virginia.edu/washington/fitzpatrick/.
439 Elkins and McKitrick, The Age of Federalism, 463; Wood, Empire of Liberty, 137-138.
440 Wood, Empire of Liberty, 138-139; Ellis, Founding Brothers, 140-141.
441 Thomas Jefferson, Writings, Volume 6, ed. Paul Leicester Ford (New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1892-1899) quoted in Burns and Dunn, George Washington, 94.
442 Ellis, Founding Brothers, 121, 128-129; Burns and Dunn, George Washington, 129.
443 Ellis, Founding Brothers, 149-151.
444 Ellis, Founding Brothers, 163-164.
445 Wood, Empire of Liberty, 210.
446 Wood, Empire of Liberty, 200, 211.
447 John Patrick Diggins, John Adams (New York: Times Books, 2003), 89; Wood, Empire of Liberty, 215.
448 Diggins, John Adams, 91-92.
449 Ellis, Founding Brothers, 179-180.
450 Ellis, Founding Brothers, 182-183.
451 Ellis, Founding Brothers, 184-185.
452 Diggins, John Adams, 96-97; Wood, Empire of Liberty, 241-242.
453 Elkins and McKitrick, The Age of Federalism, 582-583, 586.
454 Elkins and McKitrick, The Age of Federalism, 587-588; Wood, Empire of Liberty, 243-244.
455 Wood, Empire of Liberty, 245; Diggins, John Adams, 106, 130, 141.
456 Diggins, John Adams, 107-108.
457 Diggins, John Adams, 144-145.
458 Diggins, John Adams, 147; Ralph Adams Brown, The Presidency of John Adams (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1975), 173-174.
459 Wood, Empire of Liberty, 246-247.
460 Elkins and McKitrick, The Age of Federalism, 694-695.
461 Diggins, John Adams, 111-113; Wood, Empire of Liberty, 249-250, 260.
462 Elkins and McKitrick, The Age of Federalism, 695-696.
463 Elkins and McKitrick, The Age of Federalism, 697; Diggins, John Adams, 131-132.
464 Elkins and McKitrick, The Age of Federalism, 697-698.
465 Diggins, John Adams, 136-137.
466 Wood, Empire of Liberty, 251, 256-257.
467 “An Act for the Punishment of Certain Crimes Against the United States [The Sedition Act],” July 17, 1798, General Records of the United States Government, Record Group 11, National Archives, January 27, 2012, http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?doc=16&page=transcript.
468 Wood, Empire of Liberty, 227-229, 262; Elkins and McKitrick, The Age of Federalism, 710-711.
469 Elkins and McKitrick, The Age of Federalism, 719.
470 Elkins and McKitrick, The Age of Federalism, 720-721.
471 Alexander Hamilton, The Public Conduct of John Adams, Esq., The President of the United States (New York: E.G. House, 1809), The New York Public Library Internet Archive, April 19, 2012, http://archive.org/details/letterfromalexan00hami2.
472 Diggins, John Adams, 148-149.
473 Wood, Empire of Liberty, 283-284; Ellis, Founding Brothers, 43.
474 Wood, Empire of Liberty, 285-286; Thomas Jefferson to Spencer Roane, 6 September 1819. Thomas Jefferson Papers, Library of Congress Manuscript Division, Washington, DC, January 27, 2012 http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/jefferson/137.html.
475 Brown, The Presidency of John Adams, 199-200.
476 West Point. A Brief History of West Point. http://www.usma.edu/wphistory/SitePages/Home.aspx.
477 Northwest Ordinance (1787), http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=8 (Accessed May 30, 2012).
478 Stephen J. Rockwell, Indian Affairs and the Administrative State in the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 88.
479Catherine Lavender. President Thomas Jefferson's Instructionsto Captain Meriwether Lewis (June 20, 1803) http://www.library.csi.cuny.edu/dept/history/lavender/jefflett.html.
480 John Lauritz Larson, “The Market Revolution in Early America: An Introduction,” OAH Magazine of History 19 (May 2005): 4.
481 Larson, “The Market Revolution in Early America: An Introduction,” 5.
482 Larson, “The Market Revolution in Early America: An Introduction,” 5. For more information, see Craig Thompson Friend, “Liberty is Pioneering: An American Birthright,” OAH Magazine of History (May 2005): 16-20; Donna J. Rilling, “Liberty is Innovation: Sources of Energy and Enterprise,” OAH Magazine of History (May 2005): 12-15; Barbara M. Tucker, “Liberty is Exploitation: The Force of Tradition in Early Manufacturing,” OAH Magazine of History (May 2005): 21-24; Seth Rockman, “Liberty is Land and Slaves: The Great Contradiction,” OAH Magazine of History (May 2005): 8-11.
483 Daniel Walker Howe, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815-1840 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 535-536.
484 American Social History Project, Who Built America? Working People and the Nation’s Economy, Politics, Culture and Society, Volume 1 (New York: Pantheon Books, 1989), 224.
485 Howe, What Hath God Wrought, 213-217; Peter L. Bernstein, “The Erie Canal: The Waterway That Shaped a Great Nation,” in Stephen B. Oates and Charles J. Errico, Portrait of America, Volume 1, 9/e (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2007), 244-250.
486 The Factory.” Eli Whitney Museum and Workshop, September 8, 2012, http://www.eliwhitney.org/new/museum/about-eli-whitney/factory; Howe, What Hath God Wrought, 532-534.
487 Howe, What Hath God Wrought, 534-535; Rilling, “Liberty is Innovation,” 13-14.
488 Howe, What Hath God Wrought, 128.
489 Gordon S. Wood, Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789-1815 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), 702-703.
490 Howe, What Hath God Wrought, 132-133.
491 American Social History Project, Who Built America, 252-254; Howe, What Hath God Wrought, 133-134; “Factory Tracts. Factory Life as it Is. By an Operative,” History Matters, George Mason University, October 20, 2012, http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6217.
492 James Monroe, “Inaugural Address, March 4, 1817,” The American Presidency Project [online] edited by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, November 5, 20122, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=25807.
493 Charles Sellers, The Market Revolution: Jacksonian America, 1815-1846 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 70-71, 84, 97; Bradford Perkins, The Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations, Volume I: The Creation of a Republican Empire (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 147.
494 Sellers, The Market Revolution, 72.
495 Sellers, The Market Revolution, 74-75.
496 Sellers, The Market Revolution, 77-78.
497 McCulloch v. Maryland decision, 1819, Minutes of the Supreme Court of the United States, Record Group 267, National Archives, November 7, 2011, http://ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?doc=21.
498 Gibbons v. Ogden decision, 1824, Records of the Supreme Court of the United States, Record Group 267, National Archives, November 7, 2011, http://ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?doc=24.
499 William Earl Weeks, “Early American Foreign Relations,” in Paths to Power edited by Michael J. Hogan (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 32-33.
500 Perkins, The Creation of a Republican Empire, 157-158.
501 “The Monroe Doctrine,” December 2, 1823, National Archives and Records Administration, November 23, 2011, http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?doc=23&page=transcript.
502 Michael Holt, The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 2-4.
503 Richard E. Ellis, “The Market Revolution and the Transformation of American Politics, 1801-1837,” in The Market Revolution in America: Social, Political, and Religious Expressions, 1800-1880 edited by Melvin Stokes and Stephen Conway (Charlottesville: The University of Virginia Press, 1996), 160-162.
504 Sellers, The Market Revolution, 135-136.
505 Ellis, “The Market Revolution and the Transformation of American Politics, 1801-1837,” 163.
506 Sellers, The Market Revolution, 137-139.
507 Rufus King quoted in Robert Pierce Forbes, The Missouri Compromise and Its Aftermath (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007), 83-84.
508 Letter from Thomas Jefferson to John Holmes, April 20, 1820, Thomas Jefferson Papers, Library of Congress Manuscript Division, Washington, DC, November 8, 2011, http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/jefferson/159.html.
509 Sean Wilentz, Andrew Jackson (New York: Times Books, 2005), 48.
510 John Quincy Adams, “First Annual Message to Congress, December 6, 1825,” The American Presidency Project [online] edited by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, November 22, 2011, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29467#axzz1eSLGGg13.
511 Wilentz, Andrew Jackson, 50-51; Holt, The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party, 9.
512 Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Age of Jackson (New York: Little Brown, 1945), 306-307; Wilentz, Andrew Jackson, 11-12.
513 Daniel Walker Howe, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815-1815 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 278.
514 Harry L. Watson, Liberty and Power: The Politics of Jacksonian America (New York: Hill and Wang, 1990), 91-93.
515 Wilentz, Andrew Jackson, 56-57.
516 Richard E. Ellis, The Union at Risk: Jacksonian Democracy, States Rights’ and the Nullification Crisis (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), Chapter 1.
517 Wilentz, Andrew Jackson, 60-62.
518 George Harkins, “Farewell Letter to the American People,” in Great Documents in American Indian History, ed. Wayne Moquin with Charles Van Doren (New York: Praeger, 1973), 152.
519 James W. Covington, The Seminoles of Florida (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1993), 144-146.
520 Colin G. Calloway, First Peoples: A Documentary Survey of American Indian History (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2004), 213-217.
521 Wilentz, Andrew Jackson, 63; Watson, Liberty and Power, 88-89.
522 Wilentz, Andrew Jackson, 64; Watson, Liberty and Power, 117.
523 Wilentz, Andrew Jackson, 64.
524 Watson, Liberty and Power, 118-120; Robert Hayne, “Second Speech - January 21, 1830,” and Daniel Webster, “Second Reply - January 26, 1830,” The Hayne-Webster Debate edited by Hal Morris, The Constitution Society, November 19, 2011, http://www.constitution.org/hwdebate/hwdebate.htm.
525 Andrew Jackson and John C. Calhoun as quoted in William W. Freehling, The Road Disunion: Secessionists at Bay, 1776-1854 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 270; Watson, Liberty and Power, 122. Other sources suggest that Jackson’s toast did not include the word “federal” because in his excitement he spoke more bluntly than intended. See Wilentz, Andrew Jackson, 65.
526 Wilentz, Andrew Jackson, 89.
527 Wilentz, Andrew Jackson, 93-94; Freehling, The Road to Disunion, 277.
528 Andrew Jackson, “Nullification Proclamation, December 10, 1832,” The Avalon Project, Yale University, November 19, 2011, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/jack01.asp; Wilentz, Andrew Jackson, 97.
529 Watson, Liberty and Power, 128-129.
530 Watson, Liberty and Power, 129.
531 Wilentz, Andrew Jackson, 76-77.
532 Wilentz, Andrew Jackson, 79-80.
533 Wilentz, Andrew Jackson, 80; Schlesinger, The Age of Jackson, 86-87.
534 Schlesinger, The Age of Jackson, 89.
535 Wilentz, Andrew Jackson, 82.
536 Schlesinger, The Age of Jackson, 98.
537 Wilentz, Andrew Jackson, 107-108.
538 Wilentz, Andrew Jackson, 116-117.
539 Schlesinger, The Age of Jackson, 76-79.
540 Wilentz, Andrew Jackson, 117-118.
541 Watson, Liberty and Power, 172.
542 Wilentz, Andrew Jackson, 112.
543 Holt, The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party, 10-13.
544 Holt, The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party, 17, 25-28.
545 Wilentz, Andrew Jackson, 71-72.
546 Wilentz, Andrew Jackson, 132-134.
547 Watson, Liberty and Power, 204-205.
548 Schlesinger, Age of Jackson, 217-218; Sellers, The Market Revolution, 344-345.
549 Sean Wilentz, The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln (New York: W.W. Norton, 2005), 456.
550 Schlesinger, Age of Jackson, 218-220.
551 Martin Van Buren as quoted in Watson, Liberty and Power, 207.
552 Wilentz, The Rise of American Democracy, 457-458.
553 Holt, The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party, 65.
554 Watson, Liberty and Power, 209.
555 Holt, The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party, 66-68.
556 Watson, Liberty and Power, 212-214.
557 Watson, Liberty and Power, 214-216.
558 Watson, Liberty and Power, 226.
559 Charles G. Finney, Lectures on Revivals of Religion (New York: Leavett, Lord & Co., 1835), 374.
560 James Sidbury, Plowshares into Swords: Race, Rebellion, and Identity in Gabriel’s Virginia, 1730-1810 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 76; 73-80.
561 James Sidbury, “Reading, Revelation, and Rebellion: The Textual Communities of Gabriel, Denmark Vesey, and Nat Turner,” in Nat Turner: A Slave Rebellion in History and Memory, ed. Kenneth S. Greenburg (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), 124
562 Sidbury, “Reading, Revelation, and Rebellion,” 123-127.
563 Sidbury, “Reading, Revelation, and Rebellion,” 127-133.
564 Henry David Thoreau, Walden, or Life in the Woods (USA: Dover Thrift Edition, 1995 edition), 59.
565 Ralph Waldo Emerson, The Complete Works of Ralph Waldo Emerson, Volume 1 (American Scholar Digital Editions, 2008)
566 Ellen Carol DuBios and Lynn Dumenil, Through Women’s Eyes: An American History with Documents (Boston: Bedford/St. martin’s Press, 2005), 139.
567 For more information on the Whiskey Rebellion, see chapter 10.
568 Dorothea Dix, “Memorial, to the Legislature of Massachusetts” American Journal of Public Health, v.96 (4), April 2006; 622-624.
569 Bryan Paul Frost and Jeffery Sickkenga, History of American Political Thought (Oxford: Lexington Books, 2003), 398.
570 Paul Finkelman, Slavery and the Founders: Race and Liberty in the Age of Jefferson (New York: M.E. Sharpe, 2005), 3.
571 Teresa Zackodnick, Press, Platform, Pulpit: Black Feminist Publics in the Era of Reform (Knoxville, Tennessee: University of Tennessee Press, 2011) , 104.
572 Sue Davis, The Political Thought of Elizabeth Cady Stanton (New York: New York University Press, 2008).
573 DuBois and Dumenil, Through Women’s Eyes, 222-223.
574 Lesli J. Favor, A Historical Atlas of America’s Manifest Destiny (New York: Rosen Publishing Group, 2005), 41-44.
575 Favor, Historical Atlas, 18.
576 Sarah Mytton Maury, The Statesmen of America in 1846 (Philadelphia: Carey and Hart, 1847), 64-65. Accessed November 28, 2011, http://books.google.com/books?id=4xxBAMJoMZcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=the+statesmen+of+america+in+1846&hl=en&ei=vr7TTuuSIYK4twfS04y5DQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=the%20statesmen%20of%20america%20in%201846&f=false.
577 Michael C. Meyer, William L. Sherman, and Susan M. Deeds, The Course of Mexican History (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), 252.
578 Philip L. Russell, The History of Mexico: From Pre-Conquest to Present (New York: Routledge Press, 2010), 150-153.
579 Frederick Merk, Manifest Destiny and Mission in American History (USA: Alfred A. Knopf, 1963), 42.
580 Thomas Hart Benton, Abridgement of the Debates of Congress, from 1789-1856. (New York: D. Appleton & Co, 1868), 462. Accessed November 29, 2011, http://books.google.com/books?id=jsdCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1&dq=abridgement+of+the+debates+of+congress+from+1789&hl=en&ei=flDVTqGuDIu-tgeckbWvAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false.
581 Meyer et.al, Course of Mexican History, 256-258.
582 Ronald Takai, A Different Mirror: A History of Multicultural America (New York: Little, Brown and Co, 2008), 186-187.
583 Steven W. Bender, Greasers and Gringos: Latinos, the Law, and American Immigration (New York: New York University Press, 2005), xiii-xiv.
584 Merk, Manifest Destiny and Mission, 156-159.
585 Meyer et.al, Course of Mexican History, 262-263.
586 Ralph Waldo Emerson, Journals of Ralph Waldo Emerson, 1820-1872 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1912), 206.
587 George A. Crofutt, “Description of American Progress,” ca. 1873.
588 Orville Vernon Burton, The Age of Lincoln (New York: Hill and Wang, 2007), 29-30; Eric Foner, The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery (New York: W.W. Norton, 2010), 54; Ralph Waldo Emerson as quoted in James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 53.
589 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 52-54.
590 William W. Freehling, The Road to Disunion: Secessionists at Bay, 1776-1854, Volume I (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 458-459; Michael A. Morrison, Slavery and the American West: The Eclipse of Manifest Destiny and the Coming of the Civil War (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1997), 56-57.
591 Freehling, The Road to Disunion, Volume I, 461-462; Morrison, Slavery and the American West, 58-59.
592 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 54-56.
593 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 58.
594 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 58-59.
595 William H. Seward as quoted in McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 60.
596 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 60-61.
597 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 62-63.
598 Morrison, Slavery and the American West, 96-97, 101-104.
599 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 66-67.
600 Steven Mintz, “The Crisis of 1850,” Digital History, accessed February 22, 2012, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/article_display.cfm?HHID=325.
601 Zachary Taylor as quoted in Slavery and the American West, 105.
602 Morrison, Slavery and the American West, 106-108; Freehling, The Road to Disunion, Volume I, 487, 493-493.
603 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 70-71.
604 John C. Calhoun, “The Compromise,” Congressional Globe [1850], Library of Congress, accessed February 23, 2012, http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/Compromise1850.html.
605 William S. Seward, “Freedom in the Territories,” March 11, 1851, United States Senate, accessed February 23, 2012, http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/SewardNewTerritories.pdf; McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 73.
606 Daniel Webster, “The Constitution and the Union,” March 7, 1851, United States Senate, accessed February 23, 2012, http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/Webster7th.pdf.
607 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 73-74.
608 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 75.
609 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 76; Burton, The Age of Lincoln, 62.
610 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 80.
611 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 80-83.
612 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 84-85; Freehling, The Road to Disunion, Volume I, 502, 536; Burton, The Age of Lincoln, 60; John McCardell, The Idea of a Southern Nation: Southern Nationalists and Southern Nationalism, 1830-1860 (New York: W.W. Norton, 1979), 166-169.
613 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 88-89; Burton, The Age of Lincoln, 66-68.
614 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 90-91; Burton, The Age of Lincoln, 68.
615 R.D. Monroe, “Campaign of 1852,” Getting the Message Out! National Political Campaign Materials, 1840-1860, Northern Illinois University Libraries, accessed February 24, 2012, http://dig.lib.niu.edu/message/campaignhistory-1852.html.
616 Morrison, Slavery and the American West, 139-141; Monroe, “Campaign of 1852.”
617 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 102-103.
618 McCardell, The Idea of a Southern Nation, 241-243, 252-253.
619 McCardell, The Idea of a Southern Nation, 256-258.
620 James Buchanan, J.Y. Mason, and Pierre Soulé, “The Ostend Manifesto,” October 18, 1854, South by Southwest: The Caribbean Slave Empire, University of Virginia, accessed February 24, 2012, http://xroads.virginia.edu/~hyper/hns/ostend/ostend.html; McCardell, The Idea of a Southern Nation, 259-260, 269.
621 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 108.
622 Burton, The Age of Lincoln, 68-69.
623 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 122-123; Freehling, The Road to Disunion, Volume I, 537, 552-553.
624 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 123-124.
625 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 121, 125.
626 Michael Holt, The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 766-767, 774-777.
627 Holt, The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party, 804-805.
628 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 130-135.
629 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 136.
630 Holt, The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party, 883-893, McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 140-141.
631 Burton, The Age of Lincoln, 73; McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 126, 129-130.
632 Eric Foner, Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before the Civil
War, Revised Edition (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 11, 16-17, 40, 59.
633 Foner, Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men, 56-58, 267-268, 284-285.
634 Foner, Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men, 116-117, 188, 206-209.
635 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 144-146.
636 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 146-147; William W. Freehling, The Road to Disunion: Secessionists Triumph, 1854-1861, Volume II, (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 75.
637 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 146-148.
638 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 148-149; 152-153; Steven Mintz, “Bleeding Kansas and Bleeding Sumner,” Digital History, accessed February 25, 2012, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/article_display.cfm?HHID=332.
639 David Atchison as quoted in Freehling, The Road to Disunion, Volume II, 75; Preston Brooks as quoted in McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 149.
640 Charles Sumner, “On the Crime Against Kansas,” The World’s Famous Orations, America: II. (1818–1865), Great Books Online, accessed February 25, 2012, http://www.bartleby.com/268/9/14.html; McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 150; Burton, The Age of Lincoln, 50.
641 Burton, The Age of Lincoln, 50-51.
642 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 150-151; Freehling, The Road to Secession, Volume II, 82-84.
643 Holt, The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party, 964; McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 154.
644 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 154-156, 161.
645 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 156-157.
646 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 157-159.
647 Monroe, “The Campaign of 1856.”
648 William Evarts as quoted in Foner, Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men, 12; Thaddeus Stevens as quoted in Foner, Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men, 17.
649 Foner, Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men, 38, 45-52.
650 McCardell, The Idea of a Southern Nation, 54-55; George Fitzhugh, “The Universal Law of Slavery,” Africans in America, American Experience [PBS], accessed February 28, 2012, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4h3141t.html.
651 Edmond Ruffin as quoted in Burton, The Age of Lincoln, 82; James Hammond as quoted in Burton, The Age of Lincoln, 83.
652 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 189-191.
653 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 192-193.
654 Foner, The Fiery Trial, 98; McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 170-171.
655 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 171.
656 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 172-173; Freehling, The Road to Disunion, Volume II, 115-117.
657 Foner, The Fiery Trial, 98; Burton, The Age of Lincoln, 85-86.
658 Burton, The Age of Lincoln, 87.
659 Foner, The Fiery Trial, 94; McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 176-178.
660 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 161-163.
661 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 163-166.
662 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 165.
663 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 167-169.
664 Foner, The Fiery Trial, 33-35.
665 Foner, The Fiery Trial, 35-39.
666 Abraham Lincoln, “Peoria Speech,” October 16, 1854, National Parks Service, U.S. Department of
Interior, accessed February 26, 2012, http://www.nps.gov/liho/historyculture/peoriaspeech.htm; Foner, The Fiery Trial, 65-72, 74-78, 89.
667 Abraham Lincoln, “A House Divided,” June 16, 1858, Digital History, Gilder Lehrman Collection, accessed February 26, 2012, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/documents/documents_p2.cfm?doc=26; Foner, The Fiery Trial, 98-100.
668 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 183; Foner, The Fiery Trial, 106-107.
669 Stephen A. Douglas as quoted in McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 184; Abraham Lincoln as quoted in Foner, The Fiery Trial, 107-109.
670 Foner, The Fiery Trial, 111; McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 188.
671 Burton, The Age of Lincoln, 94; McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 202-205.
672 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 205.
673 Burton, The Age of Lincoln, 94; McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 206.
674 Burton, The Age of Lincoln, 95-96.
675 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 209-210.
676 Stephen A. Douglas and Abraham Lincoln as quoted in Battle Cry of Freedom, 211-212.
677 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 213-214.
678 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 214-215.
679 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 215-216, 221-222.
680 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 216, 221.
681 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 217-221.
682 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 224-225, 232-233.
683 Freehling, The Road to Disunion, Volume II, 336-337; McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 230-231.
684 Freehling, The Road to Disunion, Volume II, 421-423; McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 234-235, 240-241, 243.
685 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 246.
686 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 251-254.
687 James M. McPherson, For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997).
688 Emory M. Thomas, The Confederate Nation: 1861-1865 (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1979), 56-57; James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 241, 257.
689 Eric Foner, The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery (New York: W.W. Norton, 2010), 145-147.
690 Thomas, The Confederate Nation, 56-58, 63-64; Orville Vernon Burton, The Age of Lincoln (New York: Hill and
Wang, 2007), 123.
691 Thomas, The Confederate Nation, 59-62; Jefferson Davis, “Inaugural Address of the President of the Provisional Government [February 18, 1861],” The Avalon Project, Yale Law School, May 25, 2012, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/csa_csainau.asp.
692 Foner, The Fiery Trial, 151-153; McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 253; Abraham Lincoln to Nathan P. Hale, 11 January 1861, The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, Volume 4 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Digital Library Production Services, 2001), May 25, 2012, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/l/lincoln/lincoln4/1:268?rgn=div1;view=fulltext.
693 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 259-261.
694 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 261-262.
695 Foner, The Fiery Trial, 157.
696 Abraham Lincoln, “Inaugural Address,” March 4, 1861, The American Presidency Project, ed. Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, May 25, 2012, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=25818.
697 Foner, The Fiery Trial, 161; McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 264.
698 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 264-267.
699 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 267-268.
700 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 269-272; Terry L. Jones, The American Civil War (New York: McGraw Hill, 2010), 59.
701 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 273; Jones, The American Civil War, 59-60; L.P. Walker to P.G.T. Beauregard, 10 April 1861, The Political History of the United States of America, During the Great Rebellion, ed. Edward McPherson (Washington: James J. Chapman, 1882), 113.
702 Foner, The Fiery Trial, 162-163; Burton, The Age of Lincoln, 138; McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 284.
703 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 278-281.
704 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 283-284, 297.
705 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 298, 303-304.
706 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 304-306.
707 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 284, 297.
708 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 284-287, 293; Jones, The American Civil War, 66-67; Gary Baker, “First Blood in the Streets of Baltimore,” Civil War Interactive, May 27, 2012, http://www.civilwarinteractive.com/ArticleFirstBloodInTheStreetsofBaltimore.htm.
709 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 290-293; Jones, The American Civil War, 68; Thomas, The Confederate Nation, 94-95.
710 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 293-297; Jones, The American Civil War, 67; Thomas, The Confederate Nation, 94.
711 Jones, The American Civil War, 61-65.
712 Jones, The American Civil War, 65-66.
713 Yancy Hall. U.S. Civil War Prison Camps Claimed Thousands, National Geographic, September 26, 2012, http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/07/0701_030701_civilwarprisons.html.
714 For more information on the various battles of the Civil War, including information on the commanders, summaries of the action, and statistics on casualties, see CWSAC Battle Summaries, The American Battlefield Protection Program, National Parks Service, Historic Preservation Services, September 27, 2012, http://www.nps.gov/hps/abpp/battles/tvii.htm.
715 Jay Winik, April 1865: The Month that Saved America (New York: Harper-Collins, 2001), 33.
716 Lee quoted in Winik, April 1865, 32.
717 Lee quoted in Gary W. Gallagher, The Confederate War (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1997), 158.
718 Major W.T. Walthall, “The True Story of the Capture of Jefferson Davis,” Southern Historical Society Papers, 1877, Confederate States of America, Civil War Home, May 25, 2012, http://www.civilwarhome.com/daviscapture.htm.
719 Gallagher, The Confederate War, 165.
720 Quoted in Gallagher, The Confederate War, 164.
721 Mary Boykin Chesnut, A Diary from Dixie (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1962), xix.
722 Quoted in Gallagher, The Confederate War, 169
723 James M. McPherson, Ordeal by Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction (New York: Alfred A Knopf, 1982), 216.
724 McPherson, , 216-218
725 Quoted in J.G. Randall and David Donald. The Civil War and Reconstruction, second edition (Boston: D.C. Heath, 1965), 275.
726 Randall and Donald, The Civil War and Reconstruction, 276.
727 Quoted in Randall and Donald, The Civil War and Reconstruction, 279.
728 Randall and Donald, The Civil War and Reconstruction, 280.
729 Woodward quoted Randall and Donald, The Civil War and Reconstruction, 280.
730 Treason Act quoted in McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, 294.
731 Randall and Donald, The Civil War and Reconstruction, 470.
732 Randall and Donald, Civil War, 471.
733 Lincoln quoted in Randall and Donald, Civil War, 471.
734 McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, 440.
735 McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, 441.
736 McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, 441.
737 McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, 447.
738 Quoted in McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, 448.
739 McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, 448.
740 Jones, The American Civil War, 308-314.
741 McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, 251.
742 Stephens quoted in McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, 367.
743 Governor Brown of Georgia quoted in McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, 367.
744 Mark Thornton, and Robert B. Ekelund Jr., Tariffs, Blockades, and Inflation: The Economics of the Civil War (Wilmington: SR Books, 2004), 66-67.
745 Thomas, The Confederate Nation, 72-73; McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 439.
746 Fiat Money: Money that is not backed by anything other than a government trust. Fiat money has no intrinsic value; it only has value at all because all participants in an economy agree to trust the government issuing the currency. While deflation is possible for fiat money, it is much more susceptible to inflation. See, “Fiat Money,” Farlex Financial Dictionary, May 28, 2012, http://financial-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Fiat+Money.
747 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 439; Jones, The American Civil War, 266.
748 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 438.
749 Jones, The American Civil War, 267-268; Thorton and Ekelund, Tariffs, Blockades, and Inflation, 31-32, 75.
750 Thorton and Ekelund, Tariffs, Blockades, and Inflation, 32-33; McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 438.
751 Jones, The American Civil War, 270; McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 615-616; Thomas, The Confederate Nation, 198-199; Thorton and Ekelund, Tariffs, Blockades, and Inflation, 75.
752 Thomas, The Confederate Nation, 73, 138, 197; McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 438-439; Jones, The American Civil War, 266.
753 McPherson, The Battle Cry of Freedom, 442-443.
754 Burton, The Age of Lincoln, 216; Thornton and Ekelund, Tariffs, Blockades, and Inflation, 75; Jones, The American Civil War, 259; McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 443.
755 Jones, The American Civil War, 259; McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 444.
756 Jones, The American Civil War, 260-261; McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 4445-447.
757 Richard Grossman, “US Banking History, Civil War to World War II,” EH.Net Encyclopedia, ed. Robert Whaples, May 22, 2102, http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/grossman.banking.history.us.civil.war.wwii; Edward Flaherty, “A Brief History of Central Banking in the United States,” From Revolution to Reconstruction, University of Groningen, May 22, 2012, http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/E/usbank/bank10.htm; McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 444-445, 593-594.
758 Burton, The Age of Lincoln, 218; Jones, The American Civil War, 262; McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 447-448.
759 Thorton and Ekelund, Tariffs, Blockades, and Inflation, 34-38; McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 440.
760 Thomas, The Confederate Nation, 199-201; Burton, The Age of Lincoln, 203.
761 Thornton and Ekelund, Tariffs, Blockades, and Inflation, 73; McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 440; Burton, The Age of Lincoln, 203-204; Eugene, M. Lerner, “Money, Prices, and Wages in the Confederacy, 1861-1865,” in The Economic Impact of the American Civil War, second edition, ed. Ralph Andreano (Cambridge: Shenkman Publishing, 1967), 35.
762 McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, 181.
763 Quoted in McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, 182.
764 McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, 356.
765 Quoted in Goodwin, Team of Rivals, 356.
766 Goodwin, Team of Rivals, 356.
767 Quoted Stephen G. Hyslop, Eyewitness to the Civil War (Washington, D.C.: National Geographic, 2000), 248.
768 Anna Shotwell, mistress of the orphanage, quoted in Hyslop, Eyewitness to the Civil War, 248.
769 John Torrey to Asa Gray, July 13, 1863 quoted in Hyslop, Eyewitness to the Civil War, 248.
770 Quoted in Hyslop, Eyewitness to the Civil War, 248.
771 Drew Gilpin Faust, This Republic of Suffering (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2008), 141.
772Richmond Examiner, Saturday, 4/4/1863, Civil War Richmond, May 28, 2012, http://www.mdgorman.com/Written_Accounts/Examiner/1863/richmond_examiner_441863f.htm.
773 Harry McKown, “The Salsbury Bread Riot,” This Month in North Carolina History (2005), UNC Libraries, May 28, 2012, http://www.lib.unc.edu/ncc/ref/nchistory/mar2005/index.html.
774 “Bread Riot in Richmond, 1863,” The Confederate Home Front, EyeWitness to History (2009), May 28, 2012, http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/breadriot.htm.
775 “OUR RICHMOND MOBS SOME EXPERIENCES IN THIS CITY WITH UNRULY MASSES. Two Governors Threatened - The “Bread Riot” - Burning of the Penitentiary and More Recent Exploits,” The Richmond Dispatch,
12/16/1888, Civil War Richmond, May 25, 2012, http://www.mdgorman.com/Written_Accounts/Dispatch/Postwar/richmond_dispatch_12161888.htm.
776 The Richmond Examiner, Saturday, 4/4/1863, Civil War Richmond, May 28, 2012, http://www.mdgorman.com/Written_Accounts/Examiner/1863/richmond_examiner_441863f.htm.
777 The Richmond Examiner, Saturday, 4/4/1863, p.1, Civil War Richmond, May 28, 2012, http://www.mdgorman.com/Written_Accounts/Examiner/1863/richmond_examiner_441863e.htm.
778 The Richmond Examiner, Saturday, 4/4/1863, p.1, Civil War Richmond, May 28, 2012, http://www.mdgorman.com/Written_Accounts/Examiner/1863/richmond_examiner_441863e.htm.
779 Confederate Receipt Book. A Compilation of over One Hundred Receipts, Adapted to the Times (Richmond, Virginia: West and Johnston, 1863), Academic Affairs Library, UNC-Chapel Hill, May 28, 2012, http://docsouth.unc.edu/imls/receipt/receipt.html.
780 “THE BREAD RIOT IN MOBILE; Two Outbreaks in One Day. Arrivals in the City,” The New York Times Archives, May 28, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/1863/10/01/news/the-bread-riot-in-mobile-two-outbreaks-in-one-day-arrivals-in-the-city.html.
781 Quoted in James Robertson, The Untold Civil War: Exploring the Human Side of War (Washington, DC: National Geographic, 2011), 180.
782 Robertson, Untold Civil War, 180.
783 Ibid, 180-81
784 Quoted in Carwardine, Lincoln, 191.
785 Quoted Hyslop, Eyewitness to the Civil War, 170; Doris Kearns Goodwin, Team of Rivals (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2005), 471.
786 Robertson, Untold Civil War, 191.
787 Goodwin, Team of Rivals, 471;McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, 441
788 Quoted in Robertson, Untold Civil War, 180.
789 McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, 297.
790 Quoted in Robertson, Untold Civil War, 180.
791 Quoted in McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, 298.
792 McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, 298.
793 James M. McPherson, Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 34.
794 Quoted in McPherson, Second American Revolution, 34-35.
795 Abraham Lincoln, “Inaugural Address,” March 4, 1865, The American Presidency Project, ed. Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, May 28, 2012, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=25819.
796 Grant quoted in Randall and Donald, The Civil War and Reconstruction, 38-86.
797 Slocum quoted in Randall and Donald, The Civil War and Reconstruction, 384.
798 Samuel Eliot Morison, Henry Steele Commager, and William E. Leuchtenburg. A Concise History of the American Republic, volume 1, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977), 283.
799 McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, 184.
800 Cobb quoted in McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, 185.
801Vernon Padgett, “Did Blacks Confederates Serve in Combat?” http://www.dixiescv.org/fact_did-blacks-serve.html. Padgett includes in his paper a number of eyewitness accounts of blacks in service to the Confederates.
802 “The Reign of Rabble,” New York Times, July 15, 1863.
803 David Eicher, The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001), 23.
804 New York Times, April 24 1864.
805Samuel Cabble to his Wife, Teaching with Documents, National Archives, May 30, 2012, http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/blacks-civil-war/.
806 Foner, The Fiery Trial, 325-326, 331-332.
807 Foner, The Fiery Trial, 332; “The Assassination of President Abraham Lincoln,” Abraham Lincoln Papers, American Memory, Library of Congress, May 27, 2012, http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/alhtml/alrintr.html.
808 Foner, The Fiery Trial, 332-333; McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 854; “The Assassination of Abraham Lincoln.”
809 Eric Foner, The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery (New York: W.W. Norton, 2010), 166-170, 176; Ira, Berlin, Barbara J. Fields, Steven F. Miller, Joseph P. Reidy, and Leslie S. Rowland, Slaves No More: Three Essays on Emancipation and the Civil War (Cambridge University Press, 1992), 3, 8, 20-24.
810 Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877 (New York: Harper & Row, 1988), 35; James M. McPherson, Ordeal by Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction, third edition (New York: Alfred A Knopf, 2002), 436-437.
811 Foner, The Fiery Trial, 212-214; Brooks D. Simpson, The Reconstruction Presidents (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1998), 11.
812 McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, third edition, 295-297.
813 Foner, The Fiery Trial, 217; McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, third edition, 293-295.
814 Abraham Lincoln to John A. McClernand, 8 January 1863, The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, Volume 6 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Digital Library Production Services, 2001), June 6, 2012, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/l/lincoln/lincoln6/1:84?rgn=div1;view=fulltext.
815 Foner, The Fiery Trial, 268-270; Simpson, The Reconstruction Presidents, 21-22, 27.
816 Abraham Lincoln, Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction, 8 December 1863, Freedom & Southern Society Project, University of Maryland, June 7, 2012, http://www.history.umd.edu/Freedmen/procamn.htm; Abraham Lincoln, Third Annual Message, 8 December 1863, The American Presidency Project, ed. Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, June 7, 2012, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=29504.
817 McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, third edition, 436; Foner, The Fiery Trial, 272-274; Foner, Reconstruction, 36; Simpson, The Reconstruction Presidents, 39-41.
818 Foner, Reconstruction, 37; 39-40.
819 Foner, The Fiery Trial, 181-184.
820 Foner, Reconstruction, 37-38.
821 Foner, The Fiery Trial, 275-277.
822 Foner, Reconstruction, 41-43.
823 McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, third edition, 437.
824 Foner, The Fiery Trial, 279.
825 Foner, Reconstruction, 43-45.
826 Foner, Reconstruction, 47-50; McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, third edition, 438-439; William C. Harris, With Charity for All: Lincoln and the Restoration of the Union (Lexington: University of Kentucky, 1997), 182-183.
827 Foner, Reconstruction, 51-54.
828 Foner, Reconstruction, 58-60; Steven Joseph Ross, “Freed Soil, Freed Labor, Freedmen: John Eaton and the Davis Bend Experiment,” The Journal of Southern History 44, no. 2 (1978): 213-232.
829 Foner, Reconstruction, 69-70.
830 Garrison Frazier quoted in “Colloquy with Colored Ministers,” The Journal of Negro History 16, no. 1 (1931): 91.
831 Foner, Reconstruction, 70-71.
832 Foner, Reconstruction, 36, 62.
833 Foner, Reconstruction, 60; McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, third edition, 456-457.
834 McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, 439; Simpson, The Reconstruction Presidents, 47-48.
835 Foner, The Fiery Trial, 301; McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, third edition, 440.
836 McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, third edition, 440-442, 513-514.
837 McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, third edition, 435; Foner, Reconstruction, 66-68.
838 Foner, Reconstruction, 68-70; Randall M. Miller, “The Freedmen’s Bureau and Reconstruction: An Overview,” in
The Freedmen’s Bureau and Reconstruction: Reconsideration ed., Paul A. Cimbala and Randall M. Miller (New York: Fordham University Press, 1999), xv.
839 Samuel Eliot Morison, Henry Steele Commager, and William E. Leuchtenburg, A Concise History of the American Republic, vol. 1 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977), 333.
840 Morison, et al., Concise History, 333.
841 Quoted in James M. McPherson, Ordeal by Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction, first edition (New York: Alfred A Knopf, 1982), 498.
842 Quoted in McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, first edition, 498.
843 McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, first edition, 499.
844 McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, first edition, 504.
845 The American Black Codes, 1865-1866. The George Washington University, September 26, 2012, http://home.gwu.edu/~jjhawkin/BlackCodes/BlackCodes.htm.
846 McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, first edition, 501.
847 Quoted in Morison, et al, Concise History, 334
848 Quoted in Morison, et al, Concise History, 334.
849 Civil Rights Act of 1866, Teaching American History.org, June 23, 2012, http://www.teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?document=480.
850 Report Joint Committee on Reconstruction, 20 June 1866, From Revolution to Reconstruction…And What Happened Afterwards, June 25, 2012, http://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/D/1851-1875/reconstruction/repojc.htm.
851 J.G Randall and David Donald, The Civil War and Reconstruction, second edition (Boston: D.C. Heath, 1965), 587-588.
852 Randal and Donald, The Civil War and Reconstruction, 588.
853 Morison, et al., Concise History, 338.
854 Quoted in The Civil War and Reconstruction, 592.
855 “An act to provide for the more efficient government of the Rebel States” 2 March 1867, The Reconstruction Acts: 1867, Texas State Archives and Library Commission, June 25, 2012, https://www.tsl.state.tx.us/ref/.
856 “An act to provide for the more efficient government of the Rebel States.”
857 Addendum of July 1867 to “An act to provide for the more efficient government of the Rebel States,” American Military History, vol. 1, Army Historical Series, June 25, 2012, http://www.history.army.mil/books/AMH-V1/ch13.htm.
858 Randall and Donald, The Civil War and Reconstruction, 593.
859 Constitution of the State of South Carolina, 1868, Teaching American History in South Carolina, June 23, 2012, http://www.teachingushistory.org/ttrove/1868Constitution.htm.
860 “An act to provide for the more efficient government of the Rebel States.”
861 PBS Online. Reconstruction, the Second Civil War.The American Experience. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/reconstruction/activism/sf_rights.html.
862 American Black Codes. http://home.gwu.edu/~jjhawkin/BlackCodes/BlackCodes.htm.
863 Educational Broadcasting Corporation. The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/stories_events_kkk.html
864 A&E Television Networks. History.com. African-American Leaders During Reconstruction. http://www.history.com/topics/african-american-leaders-during-reconstruction.
865 Josiah Bunting, Ulysses S. Grant (New York: Times Books, 2004), 78-79, 81-83; Simpson, The Reconstruction Presidents, 134; McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, third edition, 584.
866 McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, third edition, 584-585.
867 McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, third edition, 585-588.
868 Jean Edward Smith, Grant (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001), 461, 465.
869 Ulysses S. Grant, “Inaugural Address,” 4 March 1869, The American Presidency Project, ed. Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, June 15, 2012, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=25820; Smith, Grant, 467-468.
870 Bunting, Ulysses S. Grant, 100, 104-106, 117, 121.
871 Simpson, The Reconstruction Presidents, 135-136; William Gillette, Retreat from Reconstruction, 1869-1877 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Press, 1979), 166-168.
872 Simpson, The Reconstruction Presidents, 140-142; Gillette, Retreat from Reconstruction, 81-85.
873 McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, third edition, 589; Gillette, Retreat from Reconstruction, 85-86.
874 Gillette, Retreat from Reconstruction, 87-89; Foner, Reconstruction, 423-424.
875 McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, third edition, 607; Foner, Reconstruction, 425-426; “Reconstruction: The Second Civil War,” Episode 2 Transcript, The American Experience, PBS, June 18, 2012, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/reconstruction/filmmore/pt_p2.html.
876 Smith, Grant, 544; McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, third edition, 607-608.
877 McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, third edition, 609; Smith, Grant, 544; Simpson, The Reconstruction Presidents, 151-153.
878 McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, third edition, 609; Smith, Grant, 546-547.
879 McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, third edition, 609-610; Simpson, The Reconstruction Presidents, 155-156.
880 McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, third edition, 594, 638; Bunting, Ulysses S. Grant, 87, 90-92, 122-124.
881 McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, third edition, 594-595; Bunting, Ulysses S. Grant, 124-125.
882 Smith, Grant, 587-589; Geoffrey Perett, Ulysses S. Grant: Soldier and President (New York: Random House, 1997), 433-434.
883 McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, third edition, 605-606; Bunting, Ulysses S. Grant, 126; Foner, Reconstruction, 497-499.
884 Foner, Reconstruction, 499-503; McPherson, third edition, Ordeal by Fire, 610-613; Michael Perman, The Road to Redemption: Southern Politics, 1869-1879 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984), 58, 108-109.
885 Smith, Grant, 549; Foner, Reconstruction, 504-505; McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, third edition, 613.
886 Smith, Grant, 549-552; Bunting, Ulysses S. Grant, 127-128.
887 Ulysses S. Grant, “Inaugural Address,” 4 March 1873, The American Presidency Project, ed. Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, June 18, 2012, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=25821#axzz1yArtTlXn.
888 Smith, Grant, 481-490.
889 Smith, Grant, 575; Jennifer Lee, “New York and the Panic of 1873,” New York Times, City Room, October 14,
2008, http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/10/14/learning-lessons-from-the-panic-of-1873/.
890 Smith, Grant, 576; Lee, “New York and the Panic of 1873;” James Ford Rhodes, History of the United States, Volume VII (New York: MacMillan, 1906), 45-51; McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, third edition, 629; Foner, Reconstruction, 514-517.
891 Rhodes, History of the United States, 53, 61-62; Smith, Grant, 577-580.
892 Smith, Grant, 581-583; Rhodes, History of the United States, 63-64, 70-73; Lee, “New York and the Panic of 1873.”
893 Bunting, Ulysses S. Grant, 131-132, 134.
894 Smith, Grant, 553; Bunting, Ulysses S. Grant, 134-135.
895 Smith, Grant, 583-584, 590-593; Bunting, Ulysses S. Grant, 136-138.
896 Smith, Grant, 593-595; Bunting, Ulysses S. Grant, 135-136.
897 Gillette, Retreat from Reconstruction, 172-174, 180-181, 190-191.
898 McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, third edition, 633-634.
899 McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, third edition, 634-635; Foner, Reconstruction, 550-551.
900 Simpson, The Reconstruction Presidents, 173-175, 181; McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, third edition, 620-621, 635-637; Foner, Reconstruction, 523.
901 McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, third edition, 637-638; Simpson, The Reconstruction Presidents, 181-182; Smith Grant, 562-563.
902 Simpson, The Reconstruction Presidents, 188-189.
903 Foner, Reconstruction, 568; “Democratic Party Platform of 1876,” 22 June 1876, The American Presidency Project, ed. Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, June 12, 2012, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=29581.
904 McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, third edition, 640; Foner, Reconstruction, 567; “Republican Party Platform of 1876,” 14 June 1876, The American Presidency Project ed. Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, June 20, 2012, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=29624.
905905 Foner, Reconstruction, 571.
906 McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, third edition, 641-643.
907 McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, third edition, 643-644.
908 McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, third edition, 644-645.